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Spread signal is modulated on a carrier using a phase-shift keying modulation.
Due to spectrum spreading at the subcarrier level, each subcarrier signal constitutes a DS spread signal.
The low power-spectral density of spread signal allows for stealthy communications and provides protection against interference or jamming [24].
The main characteristic of DS-SS signal is that the power-spectral density of the spread signal can be below channel noise power-spectral density level.
In a hexagonal lattice structure, time and frequency distances are increased, so the spread signal may not be affected by the other symbols.
In the following, we consider omnidirectional hydrophones, which implies that the diversity index is 0. The transmission loss over a distance in km for a cylindrically spread signal of frequency in kHz is given by (4).
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Foreign investors, rather than the IMF, are calling the tune.And what a rising spread signals is their alarm.
Its novel approach liberates huge amounts of hitherto untapped transmission capacity.The two sides in the UWB standards war disagree over how best to spread signals out over the radio spectrum, however.
Each spread spectrum signal should result uncorrelated to all the other spread signals coexisting in the same band: this property is ensured only by the selection of spreading codes featuring a very low cross-correlation [4].
Initially, multi-scale wavelet transforms are used to spread signals in multi-scale range, after which information is aggregated using wavelet-entropy discriminance theorem.
The proposed space frequency multiplexing operation consists in summing up R DS spread signals, each one of which being obtained by multiplying s ~ f, m t, n, r by the corresponding spreading code c p,r.
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