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The spread of insecticide resistance?
Population genetic analyses help design evidence-based vector control strategies by identifying and quantifying barriers to gene flow among nearby populations, inferring sources of reinfestation after insecticide treatment, distinguishing epidemiologically relevant subpopulations, and examining the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance.
This increase has been associated with drug resistance of the parasite, spread of insecticide resistant mosquitoes, poverty, social and political upheaval, and lack of effective vaccines.
Vector-borne infectious diseases such as Dengue, West Nile have been resurging largely due to the spread of insecticide resistance, to socio-demographic changes, and to genetic mutations in the pathogens.
Current malaria control efforts are hampered by the spread of insecticide and drug resistance, which has inspired research programs aimed at the development and eventual release of genetically altered mosquitoes that would be resistant to Plasmodium falciparum transmission.
However, excessive and continuous application of insecticides has caused the development and spread of insecticide resistance, which has become a major obstacle to the control of mosquito-borne diseases [1], [2].
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For a time, it was successful, but then evolution struck back, as natural selection favoured the spread of insecticide-resistant genes.
The other, as the chart shows, has been the spread of insecticide-drenched bednets, which protect sleepers from the mosquitoes that carry malarial parasites.
However, the failure of traditional measures together with the spread of insecticide- resistance in natural vector populations [1], [2], have spurred on attempts to find alternative, unconventional approaches.
Implemented in the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), together with existing control measures such as wide spread use of insecticide treated nets, vector control and use of new generation anti-malaria drugs, RTS,S may contribute to sustained malaria control.
Retrospection of relevant literatures suggest that Type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticides cause alterations in the metabolic processes, hematology, enzymatic activity and reproductive physiology of fishes providing evidence for ecological disturbances in the natural environment due to unintentional spreading of insecticides (Murthy et al. 2013).
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