The latter spread-of-effect was no greater than in the normal animals, suggesting that the resultant change in behavior following the lesion was not caused by functional compensation but instead by the unmasking of an existing learning system, the influence of which is usually dwarfed by a mechanism to make specific contingent choice-reward associations.
Thorndike (1933) described such a system that would assign the weight of influence of an outcome not only to immediately preceding choices that led to that outcome, but also temporally contiguous choices made in the recent past or even closely following this outcome ("spread-of-effect").
The phenomenon of systemic RNAi can be divided into three distinct steps: 1) uptake of dsRNA by cells, 2) processing of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs, and 3) systemic spreading of RNAi effect [ 27].
Importantly, the ROS-inducing cytokines IL1β and TGFβ were produced also by bystander cells, suggesting a potential for spreading of their biological effects to cells more distant from those directly exposed to the initial senescence-inducing insult.
An intrepid Dr Christy Morrissey of the University of Saskatchewan set out to investigate just how wide spread the effects of neonics were across the prairies of Western Canada.
This experiment was specifically designed to study the adoption of political opinions, the spreading of epidemics, the effect of social interactions on depression and stress, and the eating and physical exercise habits.
9, 10 How, for example, do the norms, ideologies, and practices of pastoralists underpin the outbreak, spread, and effects of RVF on herds and human health?
Sears, which is based in Toronto, said that as part of an unfinished audit committee review it had decided to spread the effects of lease reductions and other incentives from landlords over a longer period of time.
The Internet, meanwhile, can magnify and spread the effects of a disaster in other ways.
The revolutionary wars, which may for convenience be held to have been concluded by 1801, were originally undertaken to defend and then to spread the effects of the French Revolution.
