The spread is given by the ensemble 1st percentile subtracted from the ensemble 99th percentile.
where is the maximum Doppler spread as given by, with denoting the mobile's speed and the carrier wavelength.
Therefore, the maximum Doppler spread is given by (f_{mathrm {D}} = frac {v f_{c}}{c}), where c=3×108 m/s is the light speed, thus f D≈55.56 Hz.
Geometric spreading is given by the quotient for two propagation distances.
In the case of OVSF sequences, we assume even values of the spreading factor, given by SF = 2 n.
If the mean lifetime is denoted as τ, the theory shows that the energy of the initial state has a spread of energy ΔE, given by This energy spread is manifested in a spread in the frequencies of emitted radiation.
The size of the sliding windows depends on the spreading rate: for half-spreading rates (as given by Müller et al. 2008) slower than 25 km/Ma, 100-km-wide windows are sufficient to observe variations (i.e. several reversals) within each window; for half-rates faster than 50 km/Ma, 400-km-wide windows are required to achieve the same goal; for intermediate rates, 200-km-wide windows are adopted.
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Adding these individual parts, the total interference caused by non-spread channels is given by.
The output of this frequency spreading operation is given by s ~ f, m t, n, r = θ f, r s ̄ m t, n, r = θ f, r ω m t, r s n, r, (6).
