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Conversely, there were 154 significantly downregulated genes (Additional file 1: Table S8), and their most significantly enriched GO terms were ascospore formation, sexual sporulation, sexual sporulation resulting in the formation of a cellular spore, cell development, and reproductive process in single-celled organisms (Additional file 1: Tables S11, S12).
The N/TiO2 protocol partially oxidized the cell wall, releasing the spore cell contents; further photocatalytic oxidization should completely kill the spores.
The Er3+:YAlO3/treatmenttment yielded the thinnest cell walls among the three protocols, suggesting the strongest attacking capability on the spore cell wall, despite its weaker inactivation capability than Ag/TiO2 (see Fig. 2).
There are several of these cysteine-rich (7 13% C) proteins that are believed to form intra- and inter-chain disulfide bonds as they integrate with an intervening cellulosic layer around the spore cell surface [44].
The spore cell wall, especially the two outer layers, provides protection against adverse conditions.
This second germ tube originated from the quiescent spore cell which resumed growth.
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Phosphorylation-mediated activation of spo0A is essential for switching of vegetative cells to spore cells, thus gene silencing of spo0A should cause repression of differentiation to spore cells.
In these spore cells, the cytoplasm was seriously disrupted and even partially disappeared.
The TEM results revealed microscopic changes in the spore cells (Fig. 3).
Figure 4 shows the main SMP constituents in the spore cells prior to inactivation.
No nanoparticles were observed in the spore cells subjected to these two protocols.
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