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This suggests in coincidence with earlier reports on spore releases of different species (Fischer and Money 2009; Saar and Salm 2014) that species-specific parameters determine the frequency of spore release and the actual spore capture in the plastic lids.
In the absence of highspeed photographic records of these processes, estimates of launch speeds have been based on spore capture on discs spinning at known angular velocity [10], [11] and from the interruption of light beams [12].
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Scientists were able to study pollen spores captured in the core taken off eastern Antarctica to trace how the continent's vegetation changed from palms to pines to moss and then finally to just two species of grasses, all as average temperatures dropped 10°C.
The lids were air dried and the number of spores captured on each lid was counted under a dissecting microscope.
Our study revealed that P. ramosa spores captured by the filter feeding Daphnia are indiscriminately activated by every Daphnia clone and Daphnia species tested (Tables 1 and 3).
The different sieve sizes were given codes as 50 μm = A, 100 μm = B, and 300 μm = C, to designate the spore sizes captured by each sieve sizes.
Fixed installations, and mobile samplers mounted on a car roof, were used to capture spores onto Petri dishes containing barley leaf segments, which were exchanged after 100 km in each sampling region along a motorway.
This is the first sampler designed to capture fungal spores directly from plant material without environmental influences and it can be applied to establish the potential inoculum load available of G. citricarpa on a specific time or during a season.
Daphnia passively capture P. ramosa spores from the water by filter feeding, and larger animals have higher filtration rates.
Other authors sometimes use a 50% threshold, but we chose LP20 to better capture the time of first spore production on a leaf.
The array had capture Abs against ricin, Bacillus globigii spores, M13 phage, α1 acid glycoprotein, and fluorescein.
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