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Because large anthrax epizootics often appear to occur after specific rain events (in association with overall hot, dry summer conditions [60], [61]), the increasingly sporadic rate of precipitation may also create some changes in the epidemiology of anthrax in the US as well as potentially in Kazakhstan.
The ratio of penetrance to sporadic rate determines power.
We also compared with a sporadic rate of 0.02.
Thus increased power could be obtained either by increasing penetrance or decreasing the sporadic rate.
Individuals not carrying any of these variants have the disease with probability 0.01 (the sporadic rate).
The inclusion of the additional parameter, theta, allows for the statistic to absorb model misspecification, particularly with regard to the sporadic rate.
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For example, a patchy landscape and a long time to invader maturity can cause sporadic rates of spread long after an invasion has started.
During P2, the isolation ward had little impact on acquisition rates: the sporadic acquisition rate remained the only statistically significant source of acquisitions in the ward, while transmission from unisolated patients remained unchanged and insignificant (likelihood ratio test, null hypothesis β1 = 0, p-value 0.2).
Moreover, only the sporadic acquisition rate was statistically significant, while transmission rates were not (likelihood ratio tests, null hypotheses β1 = 0 and β2 = 0, p-values 0.16 and 0.35, respectively).
In China, existing research concerning alternative approaches to toxicity testing is sporadic and rate limited.
Our simulation tools allow users to vary the parameters that impact performance, including interaction pattern, MAF, penetrance (which together determine the strength of the association) and the sporadic disease rate, while maintaining the normally occurring linkage disequilibrium structure.
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