The carrier phase difference and code phase difference between authentic signals and spoofing signals resulted in errors in the position estimation of the target receiver increase the lower limit of the spoofing-signal ratio required for successful spoofing.
In this paper, the influencing parameters of spoofing are analyzed, and the results indicate that the spoofing-signal ratio is a critical parameter in a spoofing attack.
Results of Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing tests against phasor measurement units (PMUs) are presented, which demonstrate that PMUs are vulnerable to spoofing attacks.
The mixed results suggest why such spoofs are not more popular as choreographic subject matter.
Knols has won both the Ig Nobel Prize, a spoof award for unusual or trivial research results, and the prestigious Dutch Eijkman Medal for tropical medicine.
Her dance spoofs were also a result of years of training, and were far more subtle than most audiences realized, extracting humor not by stumbling around but by finely exaggerated professional movements.
However, these visual cues can be hidden by incorporating the background scene in the face spoof and placing the resulting scenic fake face very near to the sensor as performed on the Replay-Attack Database.
For a receiver with external reference information, when a spoofing attack causes a significant difference between the result calculated by a receiver and the external reference information, the received signal may contain a spoofing signal.
But it is pretty pitch-perfect, from the Abba clones and the Greek Nana Mouskouri lookalike who turns into a pole-dancing goddess, to the spoof satellite link-ups with various countries as the results are revealed.
Granted, some strategies are a direct result of market manipulation, and those, like "spoofing" outlawed under the Dodd-Frank act, should be screened for.
