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All of the dogs that successfully learnt the functionality of the rope-pulling apparatus spontaneously solved the cooperative problem-solving task both when paired with a conspecific and when paired with a human partner.
If New Caledonian crows spontaneously solved the standard string-pulling problem, we predicted that their performance on the visually-restricted task might show whether insight or a perceptual-motor feedback cycle was the cognitive mechanism behind such behaviour.
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We deliberately kept trial numbers to an absolute minimum, as we were interested in whether the crows could spontaneously solve sequential tool use tasks (as opposed to depending on training, or extensive trial-and-error learning).
Both when paired with a conspecific and when paired with a human partner, the dogs were able to spontaneously solve the task within a few trials.
Most humans can spontaneously solve means-end tasks by assessing the causal structure of the problem, without the need to resort to trial-and-error learning.
It remains plausible that corvids could spontaneously solve Aesop's Fable, without being trained to handle stones, if they were able to learn about the functional properties of water-filled tubes before the task began.
The key difference in prior experience between rooks and NC crows seems to have been the factor that enabled rooks to spontaneously solve Aesop's fable, and since then, all other Aesop's fable experiments have deliberately trained subjects to manipulate and drop stones into tubes before running experimental tasks.
There are robots that can manipulate packages and read food labels; plastic heads that gurn and gurgle when you sit in front of them; and tiny "swarm" robots that can combine spontaneously to solve tasks.
Another advantage of pseudo-Sanger method is that the structure of repetitive elements shorter than the insert size of anchor reads (~600 bp in the case) can be solved spontaneously.
Ischemic acute pancreatitis may have different presentations: in some cases it can be expressed as a prolonged increase of serum and urinary amylases, accompanied by minimal symptoms, which in most cases are solved spontaneously; but in some cases complications may occur, i.e. pancreatic necrosis and abscess formation [ 1].
Similarly, parenchyma haemorrhage can occur in approximately 8 10% of ablations and tends to solve spontaneously in most cases (Fig. 4).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com