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Full surgical anesthesia is achieved in stage III, which is further subdivided on the basis of the depth and rhythm of spontaneous respiration, pupil reflexes, and spontaneous eye movements.
Delayed awakening was defined by absence of spontaneous eye opening with RASS ≤−1 more than 3 days after discontinuation of sedation.
Finally, we found that more than 60% of respondents consider spontaneous eye opening a reasonable consciousness target in patients with no severe ARDS or brain injury; 35% of intensivists targeted eye opening to slight verbal or nociceptive stimulus.
An accumulating body of research has demonstrated that spontaneous eye movements occur during episodic memory retrieval and that fixation locations from such gaze patterns to a large degree overlap with the visuospatial layout of the recalled information.
Among the responding intensivists, 61% consider spontaneous eye opening to be a reasonable consciousness target level in patients with no severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or intracranial hypertension (ICH); 37% consider eye opening after a light physical stimulation to be a reasonable target.
These artefacts are almost inevitable because subjects cannot well control spontaneous eye movements or blinks.
Similar(30)
The dependent measure of interest for our purposes was the spontaneous eye-blink rate (EBR), a well established clinical indicator [19] that is generally interpreted as a marker of dopaminergic functioning in the striatum [21] [24, but see 20].
This one-point change reflected a change in the CRS-R arousal subscale score from 1 to 2: a shift from a state that required constant stimulation to maintain arousal to a state characterized by spontaneous eye-opening and behavioral responsiveness.
A neurological evaluation was performed using a protocol that included GCS, brain steam reflex, spontaneous eyes movements, spontaneous mobility, breathing and seizures immediately after CPR; at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, 8 days later and at discharge.
In our study the existence of a GCS < 5; absence of spontaneous eyes movement or absence of brains reflex at any time after cardiopulmonary resuscitation was indicative of poor neurological and overall outcome.
This specific aspect of infant paradigms is important, since infants' spontaneous saccadic eye movements appear to depend significantly on the properties of the attention-grabbing stimulus.
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