However, her admission of a "pathological alcohol problem" explained remarks from staff at the clinic where she had worked for just two weeks, who told investigators she was "not in a normal state" during the operation and was having difficulty "speaking, understanding and reacting".
Language history and proficiency in both languages were assessed by a detailed questionnaire that asked subjects to rate on a scale from 1 10 their language abilities for speaking, understanding, and reading, and to indicate the sources/methods that contributed to learning each language (adapted from [21]).
We constructed a new variable for Dutch proficiency by taking the mean score for speaking, understanding, reading and writing (Cronbach's alpha 0.98).
Participants of non-Dutch ethnic background were asked to rate their Dutch proficiency using a four-point scale (none, a little, fair and excellent) on four items that assessed speaking, understanding, reading and writing Dutch.
In this paper we explore the use of semantics in training language models for automatic speech recognition and spoken language understanding.
Our dialogue system, based on empirical data gathered from real call-center conversations, features data-driven techniques that allow for spoken language understanding despite speech recognition errors, as well as mixed system/customer initiative and spontaneous conversation.
One is his soft-spoken, understanding mom, Sarah (Ms. Judd); the other is Larry Mr. Robertsonn), a scruffy looking old-timer (Korean War vintage) with a limp, a penchant for whittling, a slowly doled out history and a habit of clutching his midsection from time to time to signal one and all that he is not well.
The current technology can capture neither the play of emphasis, rhythm, and intonation in spoken language (which linguists call prosody) nor the emotional experience of speaking and understanding language.
Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech.
* Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding.
Even though we both spoke English, understanding accents was difficult.
