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The most plausible biogeographic scenario for the separation of northern and southern groups (mean divergences P = 5.2%) is an early Pliocene vicariant event that split a widespread common ancestor.
Analysis of two independent data sets indicated that the Eastern and Spanish imperial eagles split from a common ancestor much more recently than has been suggested [ 16, 20], and that the split occurred during the Holocene or the very late Pleistocene.
The comparison pinpoints the genetic differences that have arisen in the two species since they split from a common ancestor about six million years ago.
The hominins lived between 1.5 and 4.1 million years ago, a relatively short time after proto-humans and chimpanzees split from a common ancestor (generally thought to have been between four and eight million years ago).
The tests showed that even though humans and chimps split from a common ancestor between 5m and 7m years ago, the rate at which their genetic codes were evolving was extremely similar, differing by only 3%, and much slower than gorillas and orang-utans.
In this tree, the lineage leading to species U has undergone less change than the lineage leading to species V since these lineages split from a common ancestor.
This suggests that the Y chromosome has undergone "extraordinary" remodeling in both species in the 6 million years or so since they split from a common ancestor, says geneticist David Page, director of the Whitehead Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
The dates--determined by argon-argon dating and confirmed by paleomagnetic measurements and analysis of animal bones found in the same sediments--place the teeth and bones around the time when most geneticists believe that humans and chimpanzees split from a common ancestor, between 6 million and 9 million years ago.
Nomura et al. [ 80] proposed that the ancestral Bx cluster was split in a common ancestor of rye and wheat.
Spanish and Eastern imperial eagles split from a common ancestor much more recently than previously thought, and asymmetrical gene flow occurred after divergence.
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