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The ER model had an increase in osteoblast proliferation compared to the GnRH-a group, similar bone strength relative to body weight and increased trabecular bone volume in the lumbar spine compared to control.
The anatomy of the synthetic spine compared to published data [[12],[19]] was also reported.
Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys (with lower vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in tail loss in some species).
In the lumbar spine, compared to the iliac crest, the majority of the differentially expressed genes showed significantly increased levels of expression; 3406 transcripts were up- whilst 838 were down-regulated.
Those participants with fully evaluable images for AAC had a significantly higher total hip BMD T-score and trends for higher T-scores at the femoral neck and lumbar spine, compared to non-participants.
An explanation could be the less severe mechanical loading in the cervical spine compared to the lower spine.
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The primary cultured hippocampal neurons from KO mice had less branches and spines compared to the wild type.
The buffer capacity experiments revealed strong variation in buffer capacity between cells with on average a 3-fold lower buffer capacity in spines compared to dendrites.
Interestingly, co-transfection of PSD-95 with ApoEr2 further increased the number of dendritic spines compared to ApoEr2 alone (Fig. 9E, F).
TSP-1 increased significantly the number of spines compared to vehicle-treated cultures (control: 6.5±0.7 spines per 50 µm dendrite; TSP-1: 9.0±0.7 spines per 50 µm dendrite)(Figure 4A and B).
The shells in the submembrane region dominate the overall signal since their volume is relatively large (49% for shells 0 4 in spines) compared to the central shells' volume (1% for shells 20 24 in spines).
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