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The sperm chromatin-induced cortical cone can result in ectopic polar body extrusion if sperm chromatin is allowed to assemble a bipolar spindle prior to anaphase onset.
This assay allowed observation of the individual KT-MT interaction with high spatial resolution because CEN3 moved away from the spindle prior to its reactivation [ 11].
A 1.2 µm × 12.6 µm region of photoactivation was manually specified for each spindle prior to imaging. 5 pre-activation frames were acquired followed by a single 0.648 s pulse from a 405 nm laser to activate the GFP-α-tubulin.
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There were increased numbers of aberrant mitotic spindles prior to the apoptotic cell death, suggesting that the ewsr1 genes are necessary for proper mitotic spindle integrity, which in turn is required for cell survival.
The dynamic group of chromosomes positioned roughly midway between spindle poles prior to the onset of anaphase.
It contributes to microtubule instability and is necessary for both the correct alignment of chromosomes on mitotic spindles and biorientation (the capture of sister kinetochores by microtubules from opposite spindle poles) prior to anaphase [13].
In mammals, the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) prevents central spindle assembly prior to anaphase onset by inhibiting the activity of at least two MAP proteins: MKLP1 and PRC1 [5], [5].
Actually, if allowing DNA beads to induce both cortical cap and spindle formation prior to egg activation, they also led to ectopic polar body extrusion (Figure 3F, arrow, [59]), suggesting that induction of polar body extrusion is not unique to the maternal meiotic chromosomes and any chromatin structures can induce polar body extrusion in the eggs.
Abnormal mitotic spindle formation prior to the development of polyploidy was confirmed in the present study by confocal microscopy.
A near conical-shaped tip forms at the apex, with a proboscis-like spindle forming prior to its ultimate breakdown with the formation of droplets.
In both wild-type cells and gskA null cells nuclear DNA accumulates at each of the spindle poles prior to cytokinesis, albeit more slowly in the case of gskA null cells (Fig. 4C).
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