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The causeway is the final road link in the Western Isles Spinal route, a 15-year transportation improvement program that has involved upgrading and building roads and bridges.
To test the possibility that BA 5 influences MEPs via a spinal route, F-waves were measured in a subset of 7 participants (mean age ± SD, 28.17±4.95).
Both human and animal studies indicate that the spinal route, either via spinal arachnoid granulations or via lymphatics around spinal nerve root dural sheaths may also be important [ 29- 35].
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For example, could microbiota-induced neuronal activation within the brain resulting in a quantifiable behavior be traced to a bacterial species that inhabits a mucus layer immediately adjacent to a specific part of the gut from which sensory information obtained by ENS elements travels to the CNS via extrinsic primary afferent neurons that track along either vagal or spinal afferent routes?
The data suggests that spinal and olfactory routes are the primary routes of CSF drainage and that sagittal sinus arachnoid granulations play a minor role, even in aged rats with higher ICP.
The brain stem is the main pathway between the brain and the spinal cord, the route by which the mind exerts control over the muscles.
The effect of LCM delivered via a spinal or systemic route was assessed upon the evoked responses of deep dorsal horn (lamina V-VI) neurones to electrical and natural stimulation of their peripheral receptive fields.
Theoretical ED30 values for the combination estimated from the isobolograms were 422.2±50.5 μg/paw, 138.5±9.2 μg/rat, and 9.3±1.1 mg/kg for the local, spinal and oral routes, respectively.
These results indicate substantial drainage of CSF via spinal and olfactory routes, but there was little evidence of drainage via sagittal sinus arachnoid granulations in either young or aged animals.
The contributory effect of the addition of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, was evaluated when the drug is delivered via caudal [ 6, 8], epidural [ 18, 19], and spinal [ 20, 21] routes.
However, the late responses of the TCR are nociceptive inputs probably transmitted through a polysynaptic route, including the spinal trigeminal nuclei and reaching the cervical motor neurons [5, 9 11].
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