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Furthermore, we find that horizontal spillovers exist in neither the automobile industry nor the electronics industry.
If ϕ 12 = 0 or ϕ 21 = 0, then we can judge that unilateral volatility spillovers exist between these two markets.
R&D subsidies are an effective public policy instrument when knowledge spillovers exist yet ex ante it is difficult to identify projects that have the greatest potential to increase innovation and economic growth.
When pre-determined peer characteristics are introduced as covariates in a model linking individual outcomes with group averages, the question of whether peer effects or social spillovers exist is econometrically identical to that of whether a 2SLS estimator using group dummies to instrument individual characteristics differs from OLS estimates of the effect of these characteristics.
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Malhotra and Sharma (2016) investigated the information transmission process between the spot and futures market and found that bidirectional volatility spillovers exists between the spot and futures market.
Bidirectional spillover effects exist in the medium pattern with periodic correlation of two-regime characteristic.
Ever since the groundbreaking work of Hesket and colleagues [ 7], it has been clear that spillover effects exist between the perceptions of employees of an organization and the perceptions of customers.
The volatility spillover effect exists widely in different types of financial markets in different regions.
With regard to breast and cervical cancer screening positive spillover effects existed between screening examinations in the third order lags.
They found that a two-way volatility spillover effect exists between the exchange rate and the stock price; however, these two-way fluctuations are, to some degree, asymmetrical so that the effect of the exchange rate volatility on stock price volatility is less significant than the effect of stock price volatility on exchange rate volatility.
Over the past few decades, scholars have asserted that a spillover effect exists between organizational members' attitudes such as perceptions of justice and job satisfaction and customers' satisfaction and service quality perceptions [ 17].
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