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Later versions altered the spherical projectile to a cylindrical shape and increased the bursting charge.
The plates are impacted by hemispherical impactor and spherical projectile for drop-weight and impact tests, respectively.
Analytical models are developed to predict the transient elastic response of fully clamped circular composite plates subject to high-velocity impact by a rigid spherical projectile.
Impact simulations are run for the case of a spherical projectile of diameter 5.556 mm impacting a single layer of 50.8 × 50.8 mm, edge-clamped, unbacked, aramid fabric.
We measured ballistic limit velocities, V50 of panels of different thicknesses using a fragment simulating projectile (FSP) and characterized back face deformation (BFD) using a spherical projectile.
The recast BLCs are seen to be more tightly grouped and are not as spread out as they were when plotted using equivalent spherical projectile diameter.
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Though almost anything could be thrown, spherical projectiles of cut stone were the preferred ammunition.
S.P.D. Birch, et al, "Penetration of spherical projectiles into wet granular media," 2014.
However, meteoroids and orbital debris particles can take any shape, and non-spherical projectiles can be more damaging than equal mass spherical projectiles under the same impact conditions.
During most of the black-powder era, with smoothbore cannon firing spherical projectiles, artillery fire was never precisely accurate at long ranges.
Spherical projectiles were launched against different carbon fiber/epoxy laminates (tape and woven).
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