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The 1 4 background-to-hot sphere ratio showed similar results (data not shown).

The higher background-to-hot sphere ratio (1 4) showed a clear image improvement with the combination of TOF and PSF in the mCT reconstructed data (Fig. 4b).

For reconstructions without PSF or TOF, three iterations were found optimal for both systems for the higher background-to-hot sphere ratio.

For the higher background-to-hot sphere ratio (1 4), the differences between the systems became less pronounced, but still with higher contrast values in mCT images (Fig. 3c, d).

For the lower background-to-hot sphere ratio (1 8), the mCT reaches best performance for two iterations and the mMR for two to three iterations, regardless of the evaluated reconstruction settings (Fig. 4a).

With the increased nanoporous sphere ratio, the diffused reflectance increases, indicating a better light scattering ability of nanoporous spheres due to the comparable size to the wavelength of visible light [27, 28].

We find the range of frequencies to which the hole-to-sphere ratio can be tuned.

The hydrodynamic forces exerted by the fluid on the two spheres are determined as functions of the permeabilities of the spheres, the separation distance, the sphere size ratio, and the velocity ratio.

Fig. 3 Contrast vs background variability with increasing number of iterations (2 8, left to right) and with different reconstruction settings for the Biograph mCT and mMR system; 10-mm hot sphere, 1 8 ratio (a), 37-mm cold sphere, 1 8 ratio (b), 10-mm hot sphere, 1 4 ratio (c) and 37-mm cold sphere, 1 4 ratio (d).

The majority of this paper investigates the sphere blockage ratio on the thermal hydraulic characteristics of a pebble with 14 spheres using a three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the ¯¯¯v2−f turbulence model.

The lung residual error for the 1 8 background-to-hot sphere activity ratio was lower in mCT images (17 %) compared to mMR images (22 %) (three iterations, without TOF and/or PSF) (Fig. 5).