NAB animals displayed intermediate anxiety-related behavior, although the difference for the parameter "time spent head dipping" failed to reach statistical significance from HAB and LAB lines (Figure 2a).
The behavioral parameters scored included the number of entries into the distal zone of the OA, the time spent in the distal zone of the OA, total distance traveled, number of head dips below the surface of the OA, the time spent head dipping and the latency until the first head dip.
Yoshida is no Japanese hatchet-man - he's urbane and relaxed, with a good grasp of English after eight years spent heading SCE's US development operation.
The time spent head-tracking over each 60 second period was measured blind off-line by a single observer.
We analyzed the following behaviors in elk and cattle comparing periods of wolf presence to periods before and after such visits: movements (speed and sinuosity), vigilance (using time spent head-up as index), tendency to group, and habitat use patterns.
We calculated the speed, sinuosity, time spent head-up, distance to neighbors, terrain ruggedness, slope and distance to forest cover for each cattle and elk observation associated with each pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment phase of wolf events.
We did not calculate time spent head-up and distance to neighbors for elk because the elk GPS-telemetry collars did not have head-up/head-down sensors and we did not have >1 elk with a GPS -telemetry collar in the same herd during wolf presence, respectively.
We deployed satellite- and GPS-telemetry collars on wolves, elk, and cattle (n = 16, 10 and 78, respectively) and measured seven prey response variables during periods of wolf presence and absence (speed, path sinuosity, time spent head-up, distance to neighboring animals, terrain ruggedness, slope and distance to forest).
In terms of the amount of time spent heading toward a human hand, anova showed significant differences between the strains (F16,187 = 11.020, P < 0.0001).
The domesticated group showed a significantly longer amount of time spent heading toward a pursuing hand than the wild group (Fig. 3b, P = 0.0006).
To investigate the phenotypic differences between domesticated and wild groups, we tested the amount of time spent heading toward a human hand, the amount of time spent contacting a human hand and the time spent jumping.
