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A reference speed was calculated using mpAD4 compiled without OpenMP (serial).
The flutter speed was calculated using the harmonic balance method and by predicting Hopf bifurcation.
The speed of 3W and HMV was estimated using the coefficients α 1 and α 2 obtained as above, and the total stream speed was calculated using Eq. (2).
Moreover, the vehicle speed was calculated using Eq. (1): v = frac{{d_{text{e}} }}{{d_{text{p}} }}, (1 where v is the circulation speed, d e represents the distance between two consecutive axles, and d p represents the gap between peaks of the accelerogram.
Climbing speed was calculated using the following formula, s = h/t, where s = climbing speed, h = height climbed in cm, and t = activity period in sec.
Climbing speed was calculated using the following formula, s = h/ t, where s = climbing speed, h = height climbed in cm, and t = activity period in sec.
Similar(53)
In [6, 7, 8], Kalman filter is used to estimate rotor speed and aerodynamic torque, and finally the effective wind speed is calculated using Newton Raphson.
Test vehicle speed is calculated using video V-box manufactured by 'Racelogic.' This is an accelerometer with a GPS data logger and two traffic-recording cameras.
Next, by assuming that the wheel undergoes no slippage and maintains perfect rolling, the reference angular speed is calculated using the wheel radius.
The speed of the test/instrumented vehicle is calculated using a high-precision global positioning system (GPS -based data loGPS -basedeas lateral dataances and relogger speed are calculated using ultrasonic sensors.
Because swim speed is calculated using vertical transit rate and body angle, speed data were excluded when vertical transit rate was too small (<1 m.s−1).s−1
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