Exact(1)
An Executive Index (EI) was also calculated by averaging the Z scores of analytic executive tests evaluating information-processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test Oral version), selective attention (Stroop test) and semantic memory (Verbal Fluency Test).
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And the marvellously named Victor Gauntlett, vintage-car driver and pilot, looks gloriously suburban haut-bourgeois, with his study full of The Miracle of Speed symbols in pictures and models, while the room's decoration and furnishings are all Home Counties 1919 in sympathies.
A PCA of the set of speed measures (Symbol search, Digit symbol, Simple RT mean, Choice RT mean, Inspection time) yielded a general processing speed component score (g-speed).
Faster visual motor speed on Symbol Digit Modalities Test was significantly linked to lower depression (DASS-depression; β −0.28, P<0.05) and anxiety (DASS-anxiety β −0.22, P<0.05).
It was also significantly associated with decline on all tests except verbal memory (Logical Memory) and processing speed (Digit Symbol Coding; ESM Table 1).
For neuropsychological screening, neuropsychological tests were selected for measuring short-term memory (Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Backward), processing speed (Digit Symbol), episodic memory (CERAD Delayed Recall), executive functions (Verbal Fluency), and reasoning (Raven's SPM, Figural Relations).
Paper-and-pencil tests: (1) Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, testing visuospatial memory; (2) Trail making test A and B, primarily testing psychomotor speed; (3) Symbol digit modalities test, testing psychomotor speed and (4) Verbal fluency test, testing verbal semantic and phonological fluency.
We assessed patients by applying the Motor Screening Task (MST: providing data on the sensorimotor function or comprehension), the Finger Tapping Test (FTT: motor function, self-directed manual motor speed), the Symbol Digit Test (SDT: divided attention, visual scanning, tracking and motor speed), and the Stroop Task (ST: selective attention and cognitive flexibility).
After adjustment for possible confounders, such as age, education, illness duration, psychopathology and antipsychotic treatment, both hsCRP and IL-6 were related to worse cognitive performance with respect to immediate memory span (RAVLT learning summary score), while IL-6 level was additionally associated with lower score on visuomotor processing speed (Digit Symbol Coding task).
The eight performance measures were grouped into 4 domains including Processing Speed (Digit Symbol; Trail Making Test, Part A), Attention/Working Memory (Digit Span total), Executive Functioning (Trail Making Test, Part B; WCST perseverative errors and categories completed), and Visual Memory (Visual Reproduction).
There were four outcome measures: the Simple Reaction Time Test (SRTT: visual motor speed), the Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST: attention/perception), the Serial Digit Learning Test (SDLT) trials-to-criterion, and the SDLT total-error-score (SDLT-tests: learning recall/short-term memory).
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