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China not only has a larger scale of domestic migration but also has a higher speed of urbanization.
This study investigates land cover changes, magnitude and speed of urbanization and evaluates possible impacts on the environment by the concepts of landscape metrics and ecosystem services in China's three largest and most important urban agglomerations: Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.
Given the rapid speed of urbanization in contemporary China, it is possible that some rural areas in 2005 had been transformed into urban areas by 2011.
Third, the coverage rate of the radiographic follow-up study after 3 years was not high, one of the reasons being the rapid speed of urbanization and an increasingly mobile population in Hanoi, which caused difficulties when tracing particular individuals.
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For the case study areas, vulnerability tends to increase with higher levels of urbanization, but may decrease once the speed of urban expansion is under control.
We utilised urbanization indices to measure the magnitude and speed of urban development, while landscape metrics were used to describe the composition and configuration of each classes in the landscape.
Speed and magnitude of urbanization is calculated by urbanization indices and the resulting impacts on the environment are quantified by ecosystem services.
Two urbanization indices describing both speed and magnitude of urbanization were derived and ecosystem services were calculated with a valuation scheme adapted to the Chinese market based on the classification results from 1990 and 2010 for the predominant land cover classes affected by urbanization: forest, cropland, wetlands, water and aquaculture.
In order to evaluate the spatial distribution of urban expansion intensity, we adapted an indicator called annual urban growth rate (AGR) for evaluating the "urbanization" speed of unit area (Xiao et al. 2006).
Though LULCC is not a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia (Hailemariam et al. 2016), it is exacerbated by the scale, speed and long-term nature of urbanization and modernization (Msoffe et al. 2011).
Meanwhile, China is in a process of urbanization with the largest scale and fastest speed in human history (Xinhua Net 2015).
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