Genetic exchange can increase the speed of adaptation by bringing adaptive gene complexes together (Fisher 1930; Muller 1932) and halting the deleterious action of Muller's ratchet (Muller 1964), while complementation can mask the fitness effects of deleterious mutations (Mindich et al. 1985; Cicin-Sain et al. 2005).
In large populations, or when the mutation rate toward adaptive alleles is high, adaptation can be fast, whereas in small populations the speed of adaptation will often be limited by the availability of adaptive mutations.
The selectivity, reliability and speed of the adaptive protection system based on the Programmable Logic and Setting Group (previous work) methods were compared for a microgrid with distributed generators (diesel generators).
However, their relative importance to the success of control programmes will be determined by the speed of parasite adaptive evolution, and the genetic variation present upon which selection may act, which may itself be reduced by mass chemotherapy treatment.
It is the only way they will equal the speed of the complex adaptive systems that their markets have become.
For small L, the small populations are less disadvantaged in terms of adaptive "speed" and are able to more frequently, although still quite rarely overall, reach higher fitness peaks than larger populations (compare Figure 7 bottom row L = 5 with L = 50).
In addition, based on the developed build time and geometrical accuracy analysis models, adaptive algorithms were designed to generate an adaptive speed of the RP/M nozzle/print head for the contour tool-paths to address the geometrical characteristics of each layer, and to identify the best slope degree of the zigzag tool-paths towards achieving the minimum build time.
Thirdly, based on developed build time and geometrical accuracy analysis models, algorithms were designed to generate an adaptive speed of the RP/M's nozzle/print head for the contour tool-paths to address the geometrical characteristics of each layer, and to identify the best slope degree of the zigzag tool-paths towards achieving the minimum build time.
We have shown that the adaptive speed of large firms relied on their networking abilities (inbound networking) and was quite high, allowing them to better face changing environments.
The relation between the identification error of rotor speed and adaptive gains is clarified based on Lyapunov theory.
