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First, many investigators (perhaps stuck in our historical stage 1) simply continue to insist that TEs are kept in reserve to "facilitate or speed evolutionary innovation," without addressing how or at what level this could be a selected effect how evolution as normally understood might possibly be able to look ahead into the future.
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Then, while the pre-existing genes kept the species viable, the extra gene copies could evolve new functions, thus speeding evolutionary change.
Several researchers have argued that evolution in invasive species can provide general answers to questions of whether species will be able to adapt to rapid climate change (Moran and Alexander 2014), including those about the speed of evolutionary change, the specific nature of the change that has occurred and factors that might limit evolutionary change.
And (4) if biologists wanted to speed up evolutionary change, how might they do it?
Interestingly, the increase of the uptake speed over evolutionary time-scale leads to an overall decrease of the cell efficiency.
Reliable age estimates are not only required to link phylogenetic divergence with the palaeogeographical background but also to appraise the speed of evolutionary change associated with rapid speciation events.
On the positive side, these insertions provide new gene sets that can be modified and adapted to new functions in the host and/or can modify transcriptional programs that may speed up evolutionary changes.
This is urgent because there is growing evidence that the increased rate of environmental change driven by human impact can speed up evolutionary processes (Hendry et al. 2008) including in ways that cause the rapid loss of biodiversity through evolution (Seehausen 2006).
The ability of organisms to express different genes under different environmental conditions allows the maintenance of additive genetic variance, but plastic response may also counteract response to selection and thus reduce the speed of evolutionary changes (Wilson et al. 2006), which may be consequential in applied contexts as well.
Scales of different hues develop at different speeds, says evolutionary geneticist Nicola Nadeau of the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom, co-author of the butterfly study.
Now, researchers have combined evidence from the fossil record with clues in the genes of living species to estimate the speed of that evolutionary explosion.
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