Because mtDNA is haploid and usually maternally inherited, the effective population size of mitochondrial genes is one quarter that for nuclear genes, which should speed neutral divergence [ 1].
However, the three plastids are roughly equidistant indicating that secondary endosymbiosis did not affect the speed of divergence of plastid genes in B. natans (red, Figure 2b).
Schluter [ 2] argued that the speed of divergence during character displacement is greatest when phenotypic distance (i.e., degree of similarity) between competing species is intermediate.
In particular, while very similar species experience intense competition, the speed of divergence is not expected to be high, because an increase in phenotypic distance may not substantially decrease competitive intensity.
Under the conditions of satiated multiple constraints including strength, displacements, divergence speeds and flutter speeds, the studies are carried out in a bid to minimize the structural weight of a wing with the lay-up thicknesses of wing components as design variables.
The main goal is to avoid torsional instability, which might occur at critical flow conditions, by maximizing the divergence speed without the penalty of increasing the total structural mass.
The measurement conditions used for the analyses were the following: CuKa radiation of 40 kV and 20 mA, step-scan speed of 50°2θ/min, divergence and scatter slits of 1/2°, open receiving slit, and scan range of 5 to 70Δ°2θ.
The measurement conditions of the RINT 2000 X-ray diffractometer (Tokyo Gakugei University) were the following: CuKa radiation at 40 kV and 20 mA, step-scan speed of 0.01°2θ/s, divergence and scatter slits of 1°, receiving slit of 0.3 mm, and scan range of 6.5 to 10.5Δ°2θ.
Furthermore, in the TCI mode, using a higher grade inertial sensor is beneficial for the PPP convergence; (3) under the partial GNSS outage situations, the PPP/INS TCI mode position divergence speed is also restrained significantly; and (4) the attitude determination accuracy of the PPP/INS integration is highly correlated with the grade of inertial sensor.
