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Its speech imitation abilities were reportedly inferior to those of other parrots.
"The decisive factor for speech imitation in Koshik may be that humans were the only social contact available during an important period of bonding and development," Stoeger-Horwath said.
Koshik, the Elephant, Producing the Speech Imitation "adja" Movie S2.
Human speech imitation in animals requires a complex match between vocal perception and production to perceive, decode, and reproduce the speech signal.
Among birds, parrots and mynahs are talented imitators of the human voice [ 3, 4], but only a few convincing examples of speech imitation in nonhuman mammals are known.
However, the determining factors for speech imitation in Koshik may be social deprivation from conspecifics during an important period of bonding and development when humans were the only social contact available (this hypothesis may also hold for other known examples of speech imitation in mammals, Hoover the seal and the beluga Logosi, and also most talking birds [ 28 30]).
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We analyzed 230 speech imitations of Koshik and 100 human model utterances.
Koshik, however, produced speech imitations throughout the year, not only when in musth.
Lacking X-ray images, we cannot be certain whether tongue movements are also involved in Koshik's speech imitations.
The social circumstances under which Koshik's speech imitations developed suggest that one function of vocal learning might be to cement social bonds and, in unusual cases, social bonds across species.
The settings for accurate extraction of fundamental frequency were calibrated separately for each sound category (in the case of Koshik's speech imitations and the human utterances: 120 Hz; rumbles and growls: 10 Hz; squeals, chirps, and trumpets: 300 Hz).
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