Finally, while aimed at nominally separable constructs, measures of inner speech, hallucination-proneness and dissociation can sometimes be very similar in the kinds of experiences they describe.
Dissociation mediated links between inner speech and hallucination proneness.
The latter two models tested whether dissociation plays a role in mediating the relationship between inner speech and hallucination proneness, either by fully accounting for their covariance (full mediation) or only accounting for some of it (partial mediation).
Self-esteem was linked to inner speech but not hallucination proneness.
However, only longitudinal data on inner speech, dissociation and hallucination proneness could convincingly split apart these possibilities.
To examine whether dissociation might moderate rather than mediate the effect of inner speech scores on hallucination proneness, a multiple linear regression was performed using the same predictors as above, plus mean-centred interaction terms between DES scores and the four VISQ subscales.
With their ornate borders and trompe l'oeil crinkled edges, his fantastic maps, books and charts navigate worlds whose strange territory seems to depend on figures of speech or even hallucinations.
Only dialogic inner speech predicted auditory hallucination-proneness, with no inner speech variables predicting levels of visual hallucinations/disturbances.
Psychotic features like persecutory delusions, incoherence of speech, mood-incongruent hallucinations generally do not fit with the diagnosis of manic-depression in the sense of Leonhard, but are indicative for cycloid psychoses or unsystematic schizophrenias[ 15].
In such a scenario, characteristics of inner speech could develop into hallucination via a dissociative stage, or there may be an additive effect between inner speech and dissociative traits that gives rise to hallucination proneness.
The primary symptoms are: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms, like speaking without emotional tone or having very little energy or will to do anything.
