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Clever speculation based on a close reading of Putin's inadvertently revealing accounts of his life.
The suggestion that Ukip will win five or more parliament seats is largely speculation, based on a post-byelection bubble that could burst overnight.
According to such speculation, based on a report Thursday by Reuters, the Peugeot family was ready to cede control of the ailing French carmaker that bears its name.
It encompasses word of mouth, hopeful guessing through past experiences with a given brand and wild speculation based on a haphazard sampling of the copious Internet reviews at various Web sites.
But it is clever and sometimes convincing speculation, based on a close reading of Putin's own inadvertently revealing accounts of his life, and on interviews with people who knew Putin before he mattered.
There has been, however, considerable speculation, based on a number of theoretical calculations, that an island of stability might exist in the neighbourhood of Z = 114 and N = 184, both of which are thought to be magic numbers.
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As the great Stanford economist Kenneth Arrow put it in 1973, speculation based on private information imposes a "double social loss": it uses up resources and undermines markets.
And speculation based on visual evidence is a basic tool for art historians.
This is a speculation based on Sergei Eisenstein's trip to Mexico in 1930 to work on a film project (ultimately doomed) called ¡Que Viva Mexico!, which was going to depict the history of Mexico leading up to the 1910 revolution.
It cannot be overturned, nor should it be challenged as an alternative, by a speculation based on religion.
It might in the end prove to be prescient, but then as now it was a speculation based on very tenuous evidence". It would be another six years before a British scientist identified the alarming hole in the ozone layer, and it was Lovelock himself who devised the instruments sensitive enough to detect levels of CFCs in the atmosphere.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com