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The specific causes of these restrictions are not known, but intracellular structures are speculated to act as diffusion barriers.
Furthermore, chronic exposure to dietary AGEs is speculated to act as an additional, aggravating factor for tissue injury and deleterious biological effects.
The substances capable to relax K+ (80 mM -induced contractions are speculated to act through blockade of Ca+2 channels [ 51].
This torsinAΔE mutant protein has been speculated to act in a dominant-negative manner to decrease activity of wild type torsinA.
SRT1720 is a resveratrol-unrelated small molecule that stimulates Sirt1-dependent deacetylation of a substrate peptide [ 20], has resveratrol-like physiological effects [ 7, 52] and was speculated to act as a PDE inhibitor [ 51].
The torsinAΔE (ΔE302/303) mutant protein has been speculated to act in a dominant-negative manner, so that the wild type function is reduced but not eliminated in the cells expressing both torsinA and torsinAΔE, although this has never been clearly demonstrated (Breakefield et al., 2001; Breakefield et al., 2008).
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MDR1 is expressed in stem cells and CSCs, and thus is speculated to not only act as transporters pumping antitumour drugs out of cells (van Herwaarden et al, 2003) but to also play a role in the maturation and differentiation of these stem cells (Hadnagy et al, 2006).
Film website Deadline speculated that Sony was forced to act to block a rival Emoji film pitch, with Warner Bros and Paramount also waving their cheque-books at the Emoji.
Some experts speculate that regulators felt compelled to act while they could, rather than wait until the results came in.
"I have a gloomy premonition though that we will soon look back on this troubled moment as a golden time of freedom and license to act and speculate.
They therefore speculated that HpaC acts to control the switch between the secretion of early to late T3SS substrates (see also reference [20]) and that HpaC binding to HrcU specifically inhibits HrpB2 binding and secretion [21].
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