Because Bartonella spp. are emerging human pathogens and Ixodes spp. can transmit a large spectrum of pathogens to humans, the capability of Ixodes spp. in transmitting human pathogenic Bartonella spp. should be determined.
Several herbal products have immunostimulant properties, and are environmental friendly, economical and can act against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
As such, bovine neutrophils appear to form NETs in response to different nematodes, and O. ostertagi may induce NETs in multiple host species, suggesting NET formation is a conserved defensive mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens including nematodes.
Interferon (IFN) is one of the major regulators of innate immunity, it also mediates the adaptive immune responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens.
FcMBL retains the ability of native MBL to bind to the same broad spectrum of pathogens, can be easily coupled to surfaces for pathogen capture or to biologically active therapeutic molecules or diagnostic markers.
From top-notch vaccine development strategies, to high-throughput powered analysis of complex host-pathogen interactions, to innovative therapeutic designs, this issue covers the entire spectrum of pathogens and areas of their confrontation with the host.
Antimicrobial peptides are attractive candidates for developing novel therapeutic agents, since they are lethal to a broad spectrum of pathogens and have a unique low tendency for resistance development.
The spectrum of pathogens isolated was not unexpected given the climate of the study area.
There was a wide spectrum of pathogens grown in blood culture.
Both TDC1 and TDC 3 are induced by a broad spectrum of pathogens.
SAR, which can be induced by a local infection, provides the plants with long lasting, systemic resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
