A spectrum of ecosystem services was scrutinized, the annual value of which was estimated at €0.8 1B.
We define 'systemic solutions' as "…low-input technologies using natural processes to optimise benefits across the spectrum of ecosystem services and their beneficiaries".
In the marine environment and elsewhere, a growing body of evidence relates the maintenance of healthy, natural biodiversity to provision of a broad spectrum of ecosystem services, including those that humans rely upon and value, such as food, medicines, recreation, climate modulation, and protection from extreme weather [2], [3].
These microbial communities play important roles in a wide spectrum of ecosystems and form diverse interactions among community members and with their surroundings[7].
Recent research and professional interest in planning for sustainable and resilient cities emphasizes the assessment of a broad spectrum of urban ecosystem services.
However, recent discoveries of novel metabolic pathways in both the nitrogen and carbon cycle across a spectrum of aquatic ecosystems, highlights the need for new directions and a truly multidisciplinary approach to quantifying the flux of carbon and nitrogen through rivers.
This technology has been used to successfully describe the microbial profile in a vast spectrum of complex ecosystems like solar salterns, industrial waste, olive-mill waste marine environments, coral reefs, air craft particulate air, soil, plant tissues, and various human microbiota [ 23, 25, 35, 36, 39, 41– 41].
Fig. 4 Normalized wavelet spectra of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE, μmol m−2 s−1) and evapotranspiration (ET, mm 30-min−1) at ten forest sites.
Half-hourly data were used in the analysis Fig. 5 A comparison of the normalized wavelet spectra of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE, μmol m−2 s−1) and evapotranspiration (ET, mm 30-min−1) at each forest site.
Measurements of biotic response to contaminants across a wide spectrum of biological and ecosystem organization, and ranging from selected biomarkers and tissue responses, to observations at the organism and community level were likewise conducted.
Emphasis has been put on individual utility and rational choice, which does not adequately capture the full spectrum of social values of ecosystem services.
