Cosmic microwave photons seen from the last scattering surface should therefore exhibit a scale-invariant spectrum of fluctuations, which is exactly what the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite observed.
Peak delay times of S-waves propagating in the medium characterized by von Kerman type spectrum of fluctuations are also used to evaluate the small-scale heterogeneity beneath the Tohoku region, Japan (Takahashi et al., 2009).
And lo and behold, the spectrum of fluctuations that is predicted to arise from the simplest models of inflationary behavior in the early universe agrees spot on with that which is observed.
It is applicable also to any geometrically similar supercavity maintained by gas injection, provided that the distribution on the interface of the surface pressure spectrum of fluctuations produced by the impinging gas is known.
The crystal environment has a significant effect on protein flexibility: the spectrum of fluctuations is considerably flattened in crystal as compared with that in solution (Eastman et al., 1999).
In Figure 4, right we show the power spectrum of fluctuations at the various levels of the signalling pathway, i.e. total receptor activity, CheA-P, CheY-P and the motor.
The power spectrum of fluctuations in the motor bias is obtained as (9) S X = ω 2 2 S A c + Q X ω 2 + ω X 2. The first term represents transmitted noise from receptor complexes, including the noise power spectrum of the receptor activity and the sensitivity ω 2 2 of motor switching rates to changes in activity.
It was found that the spectra of fluctuations of the electrostatic field in the magnetosphere differ significantly from the ionospheric spectra, having a weaker dependence on k.
Nevertheless, work in interacting quantum systems largely has only uncovered the same kinds of universal statistical characteristics of energy spectra and fluctuations as found in isolated systems (e.g., Guhr, Müller-Groeling and Weidenmüller 1998; Ponomarenko, et al. 2008; Filikhin, Matinyan and Vlahovic 2011).
