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Cord blood specimens were diluted with an equal volume of RBC lysis buffer and transferred to a 50 mL conical tube.
Fecal specimens were diluted with 10 mmol/L phosphate-buffered saline to prepare a 10% suspension, shaken at 4°C for 1 h, and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 min. The supernatant was passed through a 0.45-µm membrane filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), and stored at −80°C until use.
Fecal specimens were diluted with distilled water to 10% suspensions and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and viral genomes were extracted from fecal specimens by using the QIAamp viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).
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For liquid specimens, ~90 µL of each specimen was diluted with 10 vol of PBST; the cells were recovered by centrifugation (14, 000 X g for 3 min).
Plasma specimens were diluted 1∶5 dilution with 10× phosphate buffered saline (Invitrogen-GIBCO, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for the assay with a limit of quantification of 240 RNA copies/mL.
Clinical specimens were diluted 1 2 with Dithiothreitol (DTT; Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) solution (1 mg/ml) for liquefaction.
Specimens were diluted 1 10 with 0.1% HNO3, 0.05% Triton ×100, and 0.05% silicone anti-foaming agent (Merck, Germany).
Based on the results of this pilot experiment, all the specimens were diluted 100-fold with Calibrator Diluent RD5-24 before low-speed centrifugation (100 × g) for 3 min.
Specimens were diluted 1 10 or 1 5 with double distilled water.
The CSF specimens were diluted at a 1∶5 ratio with RPMI-1640 medium containing 2% fetal calf serum and cultured with Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells for 7 10 days.
Individual serum specimens were diluted 1 50 in phosphate-buffered saline with 1% bovine serum albumin and diluted two-fold to 1 1600, followed by the addition of mouse anti-human IgG monoclonal antibody HP6043 29 or commercial goat anti-human IgA (Invitrogen, Frederick, MD) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.
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