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Preclinical studies demonstrating an increased level of expression of topoisomerase I in germ cell cancer specimens or an impressive activity of SN 38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, in cisplatin-resistant germ cell cancer cell lines, form a strong rationale for the evaluation of irinotecan in refractory germ cell cancer patients.
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This can be done in various ways by using springs, double length specimens or a lever with a dead weight.
A confirmed case of H5N1 was defined as a patient with pneumonia or influenza-like illness and laboratory evidence of H5N1 virus infection diagnosed by viral isolation or reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR by testing respiratory specimens, or a four-fold or greater increase in H5N1 antibody titre in paired acute and convalescent sera.
Then, the cell cultures were exposed to either 200 μL original extracts of the test specimens or a medium as a negative control.
A positive test was defined as either seroconversion (>4-fold rise in antibody titer in the paired serum specimens) or a convalescent-phase antibody titer of >1 40.
However, in special cases, liver histopathology may provide important diagnostic information, and the availability of liver tissue specimens or a pathology report may be useful.
Patients referred to our laboratory from 1999 to 2004 were classified as definite cases of R. africae infection if this rickettsia was isolated from clinical specimens or a positive PCR detection was associated with a positive serologic test result.
IPF cases were identified by two methods: 1) evidence of UIP on surgical lung biopsy specimens or definite UIP pattern on HRCT (narrow-case finding criteria) and 2) evidence of UIP on surgical lung biopsy specimens or a definite or possible UIP pattern on HRCT (broad-case finding criteria).
All cases were originally laboratory confirmed by presence of WNV-reactive IgM in acute cerebral spinal fluid specimens, identification of WNV-reactive IgM in serum samples in the presence of WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies, a >4-fold increase in WNV-reactive neutralizing antibodies in serial serum specimens, or a combination of these antibody activities.
Pertussis-suspected cases were defined as an illness with cough lasting for >2 weeks, and pertussis-confirmed cases were defined as the presence of 1 of the following laboratory findings: a culture-positive result for Bordetella species from NPS specimens, or a positive result for molecular testing for Bordetella species.
At the same time I'm a big fan of generous statements, whether it be one feature luxury ingredient, one perfect specimen or an abundant gesture, like my lobster risotto, a whole leg of ham or an oversized zuppa Inglese.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com