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The FSW stresses prior to relaxation from removal of the test specimen were estimated to have been about 43 MPa, demonstrating the ability of FSW to produce low-stress welds in even fairly thick sections.
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Dynamic responses of the test specimen are estimated using energy-based method.
The whole fatigue life of notch specimen is estimated by the proposed method when stress concentration factor is different.
In addition, the crack length during Mode I fatigue tests of the DCB specimen was estimated and compared with the measured data.
Body mass (BM) for each specimen was estimated using measurements of the lower molar tooth row length (LMRL), second lower molar length (SLML), anterior jaw length (JLB) and posterior jaw length (JMA), following the equations developed on ungulates by Mendoza et al.41.
The dynamic stiffness of specimen was estimated from the slope of the stress strain curve as shown in Fig. 7.
The average particle/grain size of the as-calcined nanoparticle or sintered ceramic specimen was estimated from a minimum of 100 particles/grains obtained from the SEM images by the linear intercept method proposed by Mendelson.
The largest Compsognathus specimen is estimated to have weighed somewhere between 0.83 and 3.5 kg (between 1.8 and 7.7 lb).
Total length of this specimen was estimated as c. 295 mm (HBL: 179 mm; TaL: 116 mm), an estimate that agrees with the HBL of 180 mm established by Mills (1976 [24].
The vascularity in each tumour specimen was estimated using an anti-CD34 antibody.
MVD of the specimen was estimated as a mean of MVD in three histological fields.
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