As at 9M specimens, the bone grooving presented clear contours, without rounding or fractures, demonstrating that removal torque is not a factor of dental implant failure.
Due to the high age of specimens the bone quality was low and labrums were calcified, which made it more difficult to determine the border between the labrum and the acetabular bone on the CT-scans.
Furthermore, biological specimens like the bone specimen used in this study are weaker than inorganic materials like minerals and metals, so thicker slices have usually been used.
A material testing system (MTS 458.2 MicroConsole™, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to rub the titanium specimens alongside the bone specimen with a fixed displacement rate (0.33 mm/s) over a distance of 30 mm.
With every storm, more of them are exposed: everything from the scattered teeth or claws of isolated specimens to the bone beds of entire herds.
Although named by Marsh in 1887 (including the holotype specimen), the disarticulated bones were actually collected in 1879 by Edward Ashley at Como Bluff, Wyoming.
The remains also show signs of predation or scavenging from Tyrannosaurus, particularly on the largest specimen, with the bones of the front limbs showing breakage and puncture wounds from Tyrannosaurus teeth.
The area of interest comprised the central third of the specimen, so that the bone close to the titanium side walls was not included.
After biomechanical testing, specimens at the bone-implant interphase were fixed with 10% buffered formalin overnight.
In those three specimens, the subchondral bone matrix was also positive.
