Resistivity, commonly symbolized by the Greek letter rho, ρ, is quantitatively equal to the resistance R of a specimen such as a wire, multiplied by its cross-sectional area A, and divided by its length l; ρ = RA/l.
The measurement of a small specimen, such as a magnetic inclusion in a single crystal (e.g., Sato et al. 2015; Tarduno et al. 2015), can be improved by using a SQUID microscope for measuring the magnetic moment.
This forced the pathologists to scan through many, relatively low or mid-power fields to evaluate a specimen such as a TURP and may have contributed to the "type 2" errors seen in cases 38 and 55.
For example, biobank research often involves use of a point in time biological specimen, such as a pathology related tissue sample, blood draw or buccal swab.
In particular, there is debate as to whether a biological specimen, such as tissue, a tumour or blood in some way 'belongs' to the individual it came from, at least for a defined period of time.
Each row of the cell proportion matrix was generated as, where the dispersion parameter resulted in biologically plausible variation in cell proportions for a specimen such as blood,, and was a simulation parameter controlling the strength of the phenotype effect on cell mixture.
Isolates were considered to be derived from a clinical infection if obtained from a clinical specimen, such as the blood, urine and wounds.
Several factors were reported to inhibit PCR in a blood specimen such as the high concentrations of leukocytes DNA and heme compounds [ 19].
Several factors were reported to affect PCR results in a blood specimen such as the high concentrations of leukocytes DNA and heme compounds [ 38].
Stable, containerless levitation of water and biological material is possible using this magnet, but for a biological specimen such as Drosophila, performing containerless experiments is not practical, since it is impossible to perform equivalent controls.
