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For SEM, since the chamber is at high vacuum, plant specimen is normally required to be fully dehydrated by chemical fixation, which may cause molecular denaturation and structure artifact.
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Virtual specimens are normally presented as 2-D images (Fig. 3) or pre-rendered animations (Online Resource 1).
In accordance with Weibull's size effect theory (Weibull 1939), larger specimens are normally weaker than smaller ones because they have a greater chance to include larger and more severe flaws.
Type specimens are normally prepared by compression and drying, after which they are stored in herbaria to act as definitive references.
Lymph nodes in ALND specimens are normally examined by a single hematoxylin and eosin stained section.
The screening specimens were normally collected from the newborns in the maternity clinic or at home between the 36th and 72nd hours of life and sent to the Berlin NBS laboratory the same day in the form of dried blood spot cards (Ahlstrom 226, ID Biological Systems, Greenville, SC, USA).
This phenomenon is consistent even in the case of higher compressive strength specimens of 50 MPa, which is normally considered to be brittle.
Experimental investigation of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) confined concrete is normally conducted on relatively small-scale specimens, where the scaling effects of the specimen size are usually ignored.
For high-resolution SEM the sample must be made conductive, which is normally accomplished by coating biological specimens with vaporized metal or carbon.
Depending on the specimen thickness, a state of plane stress or plane strain is normally presumed.
However, it is normally not possible to preserve trichomes in herbarium specimens; therefore, this character has often been ignored by taxonomists.
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