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Despite this high intra-skeletal variation, the mean OLDs of each specimen, calculated from the lacunar densities of multiple sampled elements in its skeleton, are very similar, despite each specimen not always being sampled from the same set of elements.
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The relative dynamic modulus (RDM) for each specimen was calculated from the fundamental transverse frequency using the following equation supplied by Olson Instruments: {text{RDM}},=,frac{{f_{n}^{2} }}{{f_{0}^{2} }} times 100;% (1 where ( f_{0}^ ) is the fundamental transverse frequency measured at zero cycles and ( f_{n}^ ) is the fundamental transverse frequency measured at n cycles.
The concentration of each cytokine or growth factor in each plasma specimen was calculated from the standard curve and reported in pg/ml.
The densities of the specimens were calculated from their mass-to-volume ratio, where the specimen dimensions were measured by a caliper.
The density of the specimens was calculated from their dimension and weight.
The concentration of auraptene in the specimens was calculated from the standard curve.
Average and minimum cross sectional areas of the bony components of the cortical and trabecular bone specimens were calculated from the thresholded µCT images.
Since the specimens and grips with thread may disturb the wave propagation between bars and specimen, the stress-strain relation of the specimen, which is calculated from the strains of the incident and transmitter bars, may not match with the stress-strain relation measured directly from the specimen.
By measuring the net elongation in the specimen-actuator assembly and the geometric parameters of actuator and specimen sections, the tensile strain (ϵs) in the specimen can be calculated from the force balance equation as shown below: ϵ a = δn A a n A a L s + A s L a (5).
By tracing a randomly applied high contrast speckle pattern using white light, displacement and strain within the specimen can be calculated from subsequent images.
Specimen void ratio was calculated from the volume change measurements during the drained shear tests while a constant specimen volume was maintained in the undrained shear tests.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com