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In addition, quartely antibiotic use data per ward, service and division specifying trends in cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone versus broad-spectrum penicillin use were made available in the intranet to members of the infection management and control committee.
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Specifically, we identified the amount of survey effort required to have an 80% chance of detecting specified trends (−1 to −4% pa) in 13 environmental variables on New Zealand kiwifruit orchards within an 11-year period.
Future work should examine the impact on missing or biased data, the utility of alternative formulations of flexible functions specifying incidence trends, and the benefit of also including data on deaths and programme indicators such as the numbers receiving antiretroviral therapy.
We test for the presence of a long-term trend since 2006 in each treatment mean by specifying a trend contrast (Rosenthal and Rosnow 1985; Gurevitch and Chester 1986).
The main weakness of this study is the absence of cotinine data from 2004 to 2006 and the resulting difficulty of specifying the trend in exposure during this period.
Two different assumptions were used: (a) the 'dynamic' assumption that specified existing trends would continue in the period 2009 2040; and (b) the 'static' assumption that specified age and sex-specific incidence rates and survival would remain constant from the most recent year for which data were available (2008) all the way to 2040.
Specifying and quantifying trends in various parameters and studying various finer details of trend behavior are tasks for future research.
The authors follow Friedman (1993) in specifying the output trend as a "ceiling" trend; according to this, output reaches a maximum level in normal times and deviates below trend during recessions.
Together with stakeholders and experts, three different scenarios were defined, specifying possible development trends for renewable energy in Austria.
When comparing the trends for viral admissions without specified pathogen and trends for rotavirus admissions, we observed parallel seasonal trends throughout the entire study period.
In a practical sense, the tool acts as a filter for Twitter users to limit trend results to cover just a specified location.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com