Daily numbers of hospitalizations for migraine (ICD-10 code G43), other specified headache (tension, cluster, vascular, posttraumatic, drug-related, or other specified cause; ICD-10 code G44), and headache not otherwise specified (ICD-10 code R51) were obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas, the official source of statistical data in Chile from 2001 through 2005.
Using models with a single lag structure, the 95% confidence interval excluded 1, except for the associations between PM2.5 and migraine and headache of specified cause and the association between nitrogen dioxide and headache of specified cause (Table 4).
A death is assigned a specified cause based on the congruence of at least two or more physicians.
Following the introduction of rotavirus vaccination in the US and a universal mass vaccination program in Austria, decreases in hospitalisations for rotavirus and gastroenteritis with no specified cause were observed among unvaccinated children and young adults (aged <24 years) [66, 67].
aDeaths with any mention of specified cause on the1994 1998 Multiple Cause of Death files.
bDeaths with any mention of specified cause on the 1999 2000 Multiple Cause of Death files.
Average annual cause-specific death rates were calculated by the total number of deaths from a specified cause per 100,000 person-years, for different sex and age groups.
For example, Luoma et al. (2001) provide eight case studies that specify cause and effect linkages using community analyses of macroinvertebrates to decipher the effects of multiple stressors.
However, that study used absenteeism data from Japan, which are generally not applicable to the United States, because most US absenteeism data collected at the local level do not specify cause.
In the total population of 5.37 million people, there was an average of 2.5 hospital admissions daily for headache, half of which had no specified cause and one-third of which were for migraine.
