Of note, our review focuses on large-scale epidemiologic studies, which do not often specify effects of sex-influenced risk factors such as ApoE4, an important modifier of AD [ 5].
9 This study was limited to sub-Saharan Africa and indicated that distance to health services and cost of healthcare access were likely to be important but did not attempt to pool data or specify effects by age at death.
As used in this project, a population threshold is an estimate of a biological threshold for a specified effect that holds for a specified proportion of a defined population.
International Unit (IU), in pharmacology, quantity of a substance, such as a vitamin, hormone, or toxin, that produces a specified effect when tested according to an internationally accepted biological procedure.
This is a response to an event that causes a state change or a self-transition, and a specified effect.
Primary outcomes are defined when undertaking hypothesis testing when the aim is to detect a specified effect.
The sample size calculations are based on (1) published descriptive statistics for hair nicotine and hair cotinine, (2) specified effect sizes, (3) a projected average clinic size of 30 infants, and (4) a projected response rate of 80%.
NNT is defined as the expected number of people that need to receive an intervention rather than the control condition for one additional person to have a specified effect within a given time frame [ 41].
Analytical approaches usually assume a Gaussian distribution of trait values in the population, described by its mean and phenotypic variance (Lynch and Lande 1993; Gomulkiewicz and Holt 1995), while simulations determine individuals' trait values from a finite number of loci contributing specified effect sizes (Bürger and Lynch 1995; Boulding and Hay 2001).
Model I specifies effects of A, D and E, assortment and cultural transmission.
