These formulations (formal discipline, identical elements, and general principles), when considered carefully, might be recognized as points of view rather than as rigorously specified theories that could lead to unequivocal predictions of the results of new experiments in transfer of training.
This attribute is especially useful for cases in which the correspondence is not known or specified by theory.
This study aimed to determine if mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) engenders improvement in headache outcomes via the mechanisms specified by theory: (1) change in psychological process, (i.e., pain acceptance); and concurrently (2) change in cognitive content, (i.e., pain catastrophizing; headache management self-efficacy).
Ten studies specified the theory underlying intervention design; motivational interviewing and the transtheoretical model of behaviour change were specified most frequently.
A fully specified programme theory for an improvement intervention thus combines an (often diagrammatic) account of the intervention's components together with a narrative about the structures, behaviours, processes and contextual features that will be needed to achieve the aims and actions of the intervention (box 1 and figure 1).
Z is an International Standards Organization standard that specifies computations using set theory and predicate calculus operating on typed expressions (Spivey 1992).
However, peer support is explicitly not based on psychiatric models of illness [ 2], and peer support programmes may not be highly specified or theory-driven.
Relations between spatial, energy and time scales are specified by theories which turn out to be relevant to the transport conditions in modern nanoelectronic devices.
35 Even studies that claimed to be based on theories and target motivation 24 failed to specify the theory base for their intervention.
Thomas and Albert specify their theory of volition by means of the doctrines of natural law, synderesis, and prudence.
