After all, if the professor teaching "Introduction to Congress" (the course on which the cheating occured) had been comfortable judging students by their shared work, he might not have needed to specify, "Students may not discuss the exam with others".
Learning theories specify students and instructors roles in the learning process (Jonassen et al., 1995).
All of these studies were conducted in the US and either not included students of all study disciplines [ 22, 23] or did not specify students' study backgrounds [ 24, 25].
If nothing is specified, "then students should prioritise those subjects they enjoy and will do well in".
The assignment specified that students should take a safety margin.
During the clerkship, but not at a specified time, students were offered a 1 2-hour video case tutorial supervised by the faculty as part of the teaching and preparation for the final assessment.
Within the multilevel regression analyses for each country, we specified the student level as level 1 and the school level as level 2. Since PISA 2003 applied a random sampling procedure at the student and the school level, we decided to control for the clustering of data at these two levels (OECD [2005]).
Specifying that students take four years of English is not enough, because English can be anything from the great books to modern media, said David Conley, an education policy professor at the University of Oregon in Eugene, who is coordinating the collaborative process.
The decision to include engineering and technology in the education "messaging" dates roughly to the 1990s, when the National Science Foundation and other government agencies began trying to draw up national standards for science education, specifying what students in kindergarten through 12th grade should know by the end of every school year.
Hung et al. 2010 specify that students' levels of readiness are high in computer/Internet self-efficacy, and online communication self-efficacy, but are low in learner control and self-directed learning, which partly explains students' low autonomy in using smart phones for self-study as exposed in this failed case.
