Host resistance largely follows the classical gene-for-gene relationship in which a host gene specifies resistance and a matching pathogen gene specifies avirulence (Flor 1971; Burdon and Thrall 2009).
Plasmid pMOL30 specifies resistance to zinc, cadmium, and cobalt [13], [84], copper [75], silver [8], and lead [37], [85].
For example, RPP4 specifies resistance to two races of the fungal pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica (formerly Peronospora parasitica) [ 3].
In addition to that both B. oleracea and B. rapa have retained one copy of (Bra027599) and (Bol032054) genes parallel to RPS4 which was previously recognized to specify resistance to avirulence gene avrRps4 from P. syringae pv.
Many of the clinical isolates of this organism carry chromosomal and plasmid-encoded genetic determinants specifying resistance to a wide range of antibiotics (Mahlen 2011) including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or metallo beta-lactamase (MBL).
Both rely on the principle of pseudo-suicide [ 25], in which plasmids encoding an antibiotic resistance gene (catP, specifying resistance to Tm) are employed that are replication defective and limit the growth rate of the population that harbours them in the presence of antibiotic (Tm).
These patterns included any drug resistance, monoresistance (resistance to only the 1 specified drug), polyresistance (resistance to ≥2 first-line drugs, but which drugs not specified), and multidrug resistance (resistance to at least INH and RIF, with or without other drugs).
The strength of the adhesive bond is represented as a specified frictional resistance appearing when the string is sliding along the substrate.
Thus, the top concrete cover thickness of concrete bridge decks should be designed to achieve a specified fire resistance (for example 90 min) when exposed to the HMC fire curve.
A building must have specified fire resistance, because building materials become weaker with the increase of temperature that can cause the collapse of the building in an event of fire, if inadequate fire safety measure is provided.
