The probabilistic independences specified by the structure of the graph allow the joint distribution of the data to be written as the product over the nodes of their conditional distributions.
This means that only the independence relationships specified by the causal graph and Causal Markov Condition exist.
Ben-Gurion's Declaration of Independence had not specified the borders of the new Israel.
A cluster variable was specified to account for non-independence of observations within the 167 clusters (sampling points) from which individuals were recruited.
The Constitution specified a ten-year delay after independence in changing the national language from English to Malay.
Although the marriage treaty had specified that Scotland was to maintain its independence of England, Edward now proclaimed himself overlord of Scotland; the Scots resisted, and for more than 20 years Scotland suffered foreign domination and civil war.
After the declaration of independence in Kosovo, the IOC specified requirements that Kosovo needs to meet before being recognised by the IOC; most notably, it has to be recognised as independent by the United Nations.
For all models, independence of error terms was specified.
For all models, independence of error terms was specified and the maximum likelihood method of estimation was used.
