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The ontology data were refined to increase the specificity of terms as outlined in Reference [ 16].
To increase the specificity of terms, as well as to correlate English/Portuguese concepts, the Concept Recognition module searches concepts from the UMLS, an example of linguistic resource.
In 8 out of 19 cases where the specificity of terms was changed the community submitted term and curator chosen term were in a direct parent child relationship.
Given the lack of specificity of terms, it is quite possible that HRH inattention to gender discrimination is due to a lack of clarity and consensus about what it is and how it manifests itself in the health workforce.
The original approach (Mazandu and Mulder, 2012) considers the specificity of all direct ancestors of a term, using a product formula to calculate probabilities of occurrence, which, in particular in 'deeper' ontologies, can result in the inflation of specificity of terms with more than one direct ancestor; and this propagates down the ontology tree.
The use of UMLS was essential to this work because: (i) it supports the composition of the query executed by the Collection Creation/Update module; (ii) it helps to decrease the number of terms considered by similarity processing among documents; (iii) it helps to increase the specificity of terms manipulated; and (iv) it correlates terms between English and Portuguese.
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The remaining terms were associated with a relatively small number of genes (median of 19 genes per term, including genes associated with descendent terms), indicating the high specificity of these terms.
To ensure the specificity of GO terms, we filtered out general GO terms associated with >300 genes.
Structured annotations provide further useful information: relationships between the biological terms in a hierarchical structure codify for the specificity of some terms with respect to others and can help to associate genes to the most informative terms avoiding redundant annotations.
The method takes into account the hierarchical structure of GO as well as the specificity of GO terms.
ARGOT has been specifically designed to annotate the starting query by finding the best trade-off between specificity of GO terms and sequence features or similarities to annotated hits.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com