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39 The only study 43 that specifically trained dual-task performance but did not show specific dual-task performance improvements identified a lack of specificity of outcome measures relative to the trained tasks as well as insufficient training hours (4 hours total) as potential explanations for this finding.
Specificity of outcome measure: VE should be greatest for the most specific outcome (laboratory-confirmed influenza infection) and lowest for the less-specific outcomes (all-cause mortality).
This happens when specificity of outcome assessment is 100% and sensitivity is the same across exposure levels.
Differential prevalence of an unmeasured confounder, or imperfect sensitivity or specificity of outcome detection would have impacted the observed results.
Subsequently larger prospective, population-based trials are conducted to establish clinical outcomes and determine the sensitivity and specificity of outcome measures to predict clinical status.
In interpreting the main findings of this study, we assume there are no unmeasured confounding variables and that the sensitivity and specificity of outcome detection is 100%.
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Limitations in this study include the non-blinded assessment of outcomes, lack of specificity of outcomes for the physiological characteristics of this form of Tai Chi, and the intervention intensity, duration and frequency.
Using fibromyalgia as an example, we varied the hypothesized sensitivity and specificity of the outcome to assess the effect of possible diagnosis error.
Examining the combined outcome of reported ADHD and medication use, we improved the specificity of the outcome and increased the likelihood that children included as ADHD cases had been evaluated and treated by health care professionals.
Besides assessing the specificity of each outcome, the presence or absence of a time frame was collected for every outcome.
The inclusion of these studies decreases the specificity of the outcome measurement.
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