BitTorrent, a paragon of peer-to-peer technology, has decentralized computing infrastructure (no central servers), and has multiple compatible free and open source implementations (no central application); but even BitTorrent is centralized on the level of the protocol: the official specification is controlled by a for-profit company, BitTorrent, Inc.
Rather, both progenitor cell proliferation and fate specification are controlled by β-catenin signaling.
This fundamental specification is controlled by dorsoventral (DV) and AP gradients of molecules.
In addition to extrinsic signaling pathways, neuroectoderm specification is also controlled by the sequential activation of intrinsic neural fate-promoting factors.
The design of buildings, bridges, offshore platforms and other civil infrastructure systems is controlled by specifications whose purpose is to provide the engineering principles and procedures required for evaluating the safety of structural systems.
Our findings compel reexamination of how cell migration, lineage specification, and proliferation are controlled by thymic architecture and provide an in-depth resource for global characterization of this control.
This work thus demonstrates how morphogenesis can be controlled by conserved specification GRN subcircuits.
In D. melanogaster, the specification of the midgut primordia is controlled by the terminal gap-gene huckebein (hkb), which controls endoderm specification at the amnioproctodeal invagination (posterior midgut), invagination of the anterior midgut, and specification of mesodermal precursors at the ventral furrow [ 102].
Specification of pattern within segments is controlled by the segment polarity genes, which include the Wnt/Wg and Hh signaling pathways[12].
Specification of serotonergic neurons is also controlled by a combinatorial effect of Fgf8 and Shh and it would be tempting to speculate that serotonergic neurons are generated at the expense of DA neurons.
