When designing a frame, the design specifications arise from the application of interest.
Note that this is not the only economic model that leads to an empirical specification of this form: a similar specification arises from, for example, models of perfect risk sharing11.
On the other hand, methods making use of exclusion restrictions (instrumental variables, control functions, 'fuzzy' regression discontinuity designs) can explicitly address selection on unobservables, arising from specification errors, endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity [6].
Major understanding of beta cell specification has arisen from studying signalling pathways and nuclear transcription factors, largely in rodents, that regulate the sequential commitment of multipotent progenitors down different pancreatic lineages to terminal differentiation [ 4, 5].
We advocate the need for thorougher system models, by showing vulnerabilities arising from incomplete specifications.
Nevertheless, it is unlikely that services (often controlled by third parties) will ever be completely free of software faults arising from wrong specifications or incorrect coding (Trivedi et al. [2010]).
Based on the sensitivity function, we propose a new optimization problem in which the switching points are adjusted to minimize target error sensitivity subject to continuous state inequality constraints arising from engineering specifications, and an additional constraint specifying the maximum allowable increase in the path length from the optimal value.
Analysis of cell-type-specific markers showed a specific loss of V2 interneurons in the brain and spinal cord, likely arising from mis-specification of neural progenitors.
Because loss of GABAergic neurons is the most prominent phenotype arising from this mis-specification, ZC4H2 loss of function may therefore result in hyperexcitability of multiple brain and spinal circuits.
Also tested where two different model specifications to account for the structured heterogeneity arising from the repeated measures experimental design.
